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欧洲央行执行委员会:单一货币未完成的议程

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结论
在欧元区危机及其直接后果的胁迫下,我们在使我们的货币联盟更适合目标方面取得了很多成就。我们可以为过去的成就感到自豪,但今天的步骤更加不确定。当太阳照耀时,欧洲

结论

在欧元区危机及其直接后果的胁迫下,我们在使我们的货币联盟更适合目标方面取得了很多成就。我们可以为过去的成就感到自豪,但今天的步骤更加不确定。当太阳照耀时,欧洲将再次无法修缮其屋顶。这种风险很高。

Jean Monnet著名的预言“欧洲将在危机中锻造,并将成为针对这些危机的解决方案的总和”,这可能再次被证明是正确的,但是要付出什么代价呢?现在,当前的讨论倾向于邓小平的“摸着石头过河”的循序渐进的方法。

但是在我们这个不确定的时代,采用这种渐进式方法的风险是显而易见的:我们永远无法到达河的对岸,并且有被河流带走的风险。

我相信,新的欧洲领导层将找到给欧元区新方向和新步伐的决心,并为欧洲央行提供维持我们的单一货币健全和稳定所需的环境。

谢谢!

[1]SeeCœuré, B. (2017), “IndePEndence and accountability in a changing world”,introductory remarks at the Transparency International EU Event “Two sides ofthe same coin? Independence and accountability of the European Central Bank”,Brussels, 28 March.

[2]See2019 STandard Eurobarometer.

[3]See ECBBanking Supervision (2019), “Risk assessment for 2020”, 7 October.

[4]For anearlier contribution, see Cœuré, B. (2018), “The euro area’s three lines ofdefence”, speech at the conference “Deepening of EMU”, Ljubljana, 2 February.

[5]SeeBravo-Biosca, A. (2017), “Firm growth dynamics and productivity in Europe”,inRemaking Europe: the new manufacturing as an engine for growth,Bruegel.

[6]SeeCœuré, B. (2017), “Convergence matters for monetary policy”, speech at theCompetitiveness Research Network (CompNet) conference on “Innovation, firmsize, productivity and imbalances in the age of de-globalization” in Brussels,30 June.

[7]Ibid

[8]See,for example, Anderton, R., Di Lupidio, B. and Jarmulska, B. (2019), “ProductMarket Regulation, Business Churning and Productivity: Evidence from theEuropean Union Countries”, ECB Working Paper No 2332. See also Canton, E.(2016), “Drivers of total factor productivity growth in the EU: the role offirm entry and exit”,Quarterly Report on the EuroArea, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs, EuropeanCommission, vol. 15(1), pp. 25-35.

[9]SeeCalvino, F., Criscuolo, C. and Menon, C. (2016), “No country for young firms?Startup dynamics and national policies”,Technology and Industry PolicyPapers, No 29, OECD Science.

[10]SeeConsolo, A., Malfa, F. and Perluigi, B. (2018), “Insolvency frameworks andprivate debt: an empirical investigation”, ECB Working Paper No 2189.

[11]SeeAndrews, D. and Petroulakis, F. (2019), “Breaking the shackles: Zombie firms,weak banks and depressed restructuring in Europe”, ECB Working Paper No 2240.

[12]SeeCœuré, B. (2019), “The rise of services and the transmission of monetarypolicy”, speech at the 21st Geneva Conference on the World Economy, 16 May.

[13]SeeEconomist (2019), “Briefing: The economic policy at the heart of Europe iscreaking”, 12 SePTember.

[14]Ibid.

[15]See, forexample, Crouzet, N. and Eberly, J. (2018), “Intangibles, Investment, andEfficiency”,AEA Papers and Proceedings, 108:426-31. In Italy, for example, approximately three-quarters of the productivitygap to the global frontier can be explained by the fact that national frontierfirms – while actually quite productive in global terms – are relatively smallcompared with those at the global frontier. See Andrews, D. and Cingano, F.(2014), “Public Policy and Resource Allocation: Evidence from Firms in OECDCountries”,Economic Policy, Vol. 29 (78), pp.253-96,

[16]Seealso Cœuré, B. (2019), “European capital markets: priorities and challenges”,dinner remarks at the International Swaps and Derivatives Association,Frankfurt am Main, 25 June.

[17]Despitesignificant progress in recent years to develop a more coherent policyframework for cross-border banking, namely with the single rulebook and thecreation of European supervision and resolution.

[18]See DeHaas, R. and Popov, A. (2019), “Finance and Carbon Emissions”, ECB WorkingPaper No 2318.

[19]Just20% of euro area equity holdings are issued in other euro area countries. Forbonds, the share is 30%.

[20]See,for example, European Commission Directorate General Economic and FinancialAffairs (2017), “Financing labour tax wedge cuts”, technical services note tothe Eurogroup.

[21]SeeEuropean Fiscal Board (2019), Assessment of EU fiscal rules, with a focus onthe six-pack and two-pack legislation, August.

[22]See the2019 Annual Report of the European Fiscal Board.

[23]Forproposals, see, for example, European Fiscal Board (2019,op. cit.); Eyraud, L. and Wu, T. (2015), “Playing bythe Rules: Reforming Fiscal Governance in Europe”, IMF Working Paper 15/67; andDarvas, Z., Martin, P. and Ragot, X. (2018), “European fiscal rules need amajor overhaul”,Bruegel Policy Contribution, Issue18, October.

[24]SeeAlloza, M. et al. (2019), “Fiscal spillovers in a monetary union”,Economic Bulletin, Issue 1, ECB.

[25]For anoverview, see Giudice, G., de Manuel Aramendía, M., Kontolemis, Z. andMonteiro, D. P. (2019), “A European safe asset to complement nationalgovernment bonds,”MPRA Paper95748,University Library of Munich, Germany.

[26]Alternatively,this could be achieved by lifting the zero risk weight that government bondscurrently enjoy under the prevailing regulatory framework.

[27]SeeCœuré, B. (2019), “The euro’s global role in a changing world: a monetarypolicy perspective”, speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York City,15 February.

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